胰腺癌相关疼痛的诊疗现状

陈思, 申乐

陈思, 申乐. 胰腺癌相关疼痛的诊疗现状[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2024, 15(4): 884-890. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0189
引用本文: 陈思, 申乐. 胰腺癌相关疼痛的诊疗现状[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2024, 15(4): 884-890. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0189
CHEN Si, SHEN Le. Current Diagnosis and Treatment Status of Pancreatic Cancer Pain[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2024, 15(4): 884-890. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0189
Citation: CHEN Si, SHEN Le. Current Diagnosis and Treatment Status of Pancreatic Cancer Pain[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2024, 15(4): 884-890. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0189

胰腺癌相关疼痛的诊疗现状

基金项目: 

中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目 2023-I2M-C&T-B-028

详细信息
    通讯作者:

    申乐,E-mail: pumchshenle@163.com

  • 中图分类号: R441.1; R73

Current Diagnosis and Treatment Status of Pancreatic Cancer Pain

Funds: 

CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences 2023-I2M-C&T-B-028

More Information
  • 摘要:

    疼痛是胰腺癌患者最常见的症状之一。胰腺癌相关疼痛来源多样、机制复杂,严重影响患者生活质量,并对预后造成不良影响,有效的疼痛管理可延长胰腺癌患者的生存期。由于胰腺癌相关疼痛的发病机制尚未阐明,仅部分疼痛管理可基于机制,而大部分疼痛的管理则需凭借医师经验。本文从胰腺癌相关疼痛的病理生理机制及治疗策略两方面进行论述,以期为胰腺癌临床镇痛实践提供参考。

    Abstract:

    Pain is one of the most common symptoms in pancreatic cancer patients. Pancreatic cancer-related pain has various sources and complex mechanisms, which seriously affects patients' quality of life and adversely affects their prognosis. Effective pain management may prolong the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Since the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer-related pain has not been elucidated, part of the pain management may be based on the mechanism, and part of the pain management may be based on physician's experience only. This article discusses both the pathophysiological classification and treatment strategies of pancreatic cancer-related pain, with the aim of providing reference for clinical analgesic practice in pancreatic cancer.

  • 疼痛是胰腺癌患者最常见的症状之一。2019年发布的一项历时2.5年的流行病学调查表明,93%的胰腺癌患者发生了胰腺癌相关疼痛,其中83%出现中至重度疼痛[1]。有研究表明,肿瘤位于胰体尾、确诊前即出现腹痛的胰腺癌患者受疼痛的困扰更多[2]。除疼痛外,胰腺癌的其他伴发症状,如疲劳、消瘦等,发病率高[3],严重影响患者的生活质量并限制患者积极治疗的意愿,却未得到充分重视。超过50%的患者镇痛治疗不足,尤其是高龄及确诊30 d以内的新发患者[4]。有效的疼痛管理可延长胰腺癌患者的生存期[5],但由于胰腺癌相关疼痛的发病机制尚未完全阐明,目前,胰腺癌相关疼痛管理多凭借医师经验[6]。本文就胰腺癌相关疼痛的病理生理机制及治疗策略进行综述,以期为胰腺癌临床镇痛实践提供参考。

    胰腺癌相关疼痛复杂多样,可能来源于不同机制。临床医师尤其是疼痛专科医师在诊治时需仔细进行问诊、查体、诊断及鉴别诊断。

    根据病理生理机制不同,可将胰腺癌相关疼痛分为内脏源性疼痛、躯体源性疼痛及神经病理性疼痛。内脏源性疼痛多表现为腹部胀痛或钝痛,并可能向腰背部放射,其病因可能来源于肿瘤导致的胰胆管阻塞,从而使导管内和间质压力升高以及胰腺分泌酶缺乏,进而引发疼痛,还可能与血管受累、腹水、肠梗阻及内脏(如肝、肺等)转移相关[7]。躯体源性疼痛多表现为浅表组织、肌肉骨骼的伤害性疼痛及炎性疼痛,其来源包括手术治疗及放化疗相关组织损伤、躯体转移(如腹膜、周围骨骼、肌肉软组织等)、牵涉痛、肌筋膜疼痛等。其中,肌筋膜疼痛以骨骼肌中存在活跃的触发点(trigger point)为特征,在癌症患者中发病率可达20%[8],可能由患者长期强迫性体位导致的肌肉劳损、手术等机械损伤、代谢紊乱、情绪压力等引起。牵涉痛的定义与临床诊断尚存争议,有学者认为其是由“潜在”而非“活跃”的触发点引起。

    需要强调的是,胰腺癌细胞具有神经侵袭性,肿瘤细胞的神经周围浸润、炎性刺激、神经转移均可导致神经病理性疼痛,常累及胰腺内外神经丛,尤以腹腔神经丛最为常见。根据侵犯神经的不同,症状可能存在差异,如剧烈腹痛、感觉异常等。此外,胰腺癌患者的神经病理性疼痛还可见于化疗药物(如顺铂、氟尿嘧啶、紫杉醇)相关的感觉神经病变和放射治疗引起的放射性周围神经病变,前者多表现为四肢远端对称性的感觉减退或感觉异常、麻木及疼痛,后者多表现为缓慢进展的肢体感觉异常、麻木、疼痛、无力、肌肉萎缩、腱反射异常等。

    胰腺癌患者的总体治疗原则为早期干预,干预团队应包括多学科联合医师组、护士、社工等[9]。胰腺癌患者的疼痛管理需综合考虑多种因素,包括患者的具体病情、疼痛程度、预期寿命以及治疗方法的可行性和安全性。此外,支持治疗应充分体现个性化,患者与其干预团队应保持及时有效的沟通。

    胰腺癌相关疼痛的具体治疗原则可参照美国国家综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN) 发布的胰腺癌诊疗指南及综合支持性治疗系列指南(包括成人癌痛、止吐、癌症相关疲劳、个人危机管理、缓和医疗、戒烟等具体肿瘤相关临床实践指南)。上述指南每年更新1~3版,目前已更新至2024年2月版。同时,NCCN还提供面向患者群体的中文版胰腺癌指南及英文版缓和医疗指南(均更新至2023版),信息综合全面、图文并茂、简单易懂、可读性强,推荐临床医师介绍给患者及家属阅读,以供患者参考。

    胰腺癌相关疼痛的管理目标为在确保最理想生活质量的同时预防和减轻痛苦。管理手段包括:(1)尽早转诊至疼痛或姑息治疗专科以确定最佳疼痛治疗方案;(2)使用阿片类药物镇痛;(3) 考虑超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasound, EUS)/荧光透视/CT/超声引导下神经阻滞或神经毁损术;(4)腹腔神经丛放射治疗;(5)立体定向身体放射治疗(stereotactic body radiation therapy,SBRT);(6)对于严重、难治性胰腺癌相关腹痛,或上述治疗的不良反应明显时,可考虑高强度聚焦超声(high-intensity focused ultrasound, HIFU)、加用或不加用化疗的姑息性放疗、鞘内药物输注系统(intrathecal drug delivery system, IDDS)等手段。

    1986年,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)首次提出《癌痛三阶梯治疗原则》,其基本原则为口服给药、按阶梯给药、按时给药、个体化给药并注意具体细节。其中“按阶梯给药”将疼痛程度分为轻度(第一阶梯)、中度(第二阶梯)、重度(第三阶梯),并依次逐步升级疼痛管理办法。初始药物治疗包括非阿片类药物(如对乙酰氨基酚或非甾体抗炎药),随后逐渐引入曲马多、可待因、强阿片类药物(如吗啡、羟考酮、芬太尼)等。数十年来,“三阶梯镇痛”原则在全球广泛推广、深入人心。然而,近年来随着临床实践的开展及医学研究的更新,第二阶梯推荐用药如曲马多、可待因等药物的地位逐渐受到质疑和弱化。

    2018年,WHO更新了癌痛管理指南[10],不再严格强调“按阶梯给药”,如初始便是中度癌痛,可直接选择小剂量强阿片类药物起始,必要时可联合非阿片类镇痛药物,以免延误治疗。此外,在每个疼痛管理阶段均可选择使用辅助性药物,如糖皮质激素、选择性5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(如度洛西汀)、抗癫痫药(如加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林)、α-2肾上腺素能受体激动剂、肌肉松弛剂等。

    胰腺癌相关疼痛患者的药物治疗同样遵循上述原则,即轻度疼痛可使用对乙酰氨基酚或非甾体抗炎药,中至重度疼痛则最常使用阿片类药物[11]。老年胰腺癌晚期患者使用阿片类药物与其生存期延长具有相关性[12],但使用过程中需注意相关不良反应。有研究显示,大剂量使用阿片类药物(口服吗啡或等效剂量的其他药物≥5 mg/d)与生存期缩短相关[13]

    此外,针对胰腺癌本身的神经侵袭及放化疗相关周围神经损伤带来的神经病理性疼痛,应充分重视应用加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林、度洛西汀[14]等治疗神经病理性疼痛的药物[15]。一项针对中国胰腺癌患者群体的研究表明,与使用单药吗啡相比,普瑞巴林与吗啡联用可显著减少吗啡用量,患者镇痛效果更佳,但头晕嗜睡、认知功能下降等相关副作用更明显[16]。日本一项研究报道,加巴喷丁类似物苯磺酸美洛加巴林(mirogabalin)虽可改善癌痛,但在胰腺癌小鼠体内和体外实验中均可增加肿瘤细胞增殖的风险[17]

    另应注意的是,胰腺癌患者疼痛与抑郁症状常高度交织,40%以上的胰腺癌患者可在诊断癌症后出现抑郁共病[18]。应强调胰腺癌患者的多学科管理,必要时可适当应用抗抑郁、抗焦虑药物以改善其症状及生存质量。

    利多卡因具有抗炎及抗肿瘤作用[19],静脉输注可能延长肿瘤患者的生存期[20]。但近期一项针对563例胰腺癌手术患者,随访3年的国内多中心研究未发现术中持续输注利多卡因可获得上述治疗效果[21]

    术后镇痛方面,临床主流疼痛管理以按需给药、患者自控镇痛(patient-controlled analgesia,PCA) 或硬膜外镇痛为主。我国台湾一项回顾性研究亦证实胰腺癌术后硬膜外镇痛的安全性,即该镇痛方式与患者生存率、肿瘤复发无明显相关性[22]。近年来,连续伤口浸润(continuous wound infiltration,CWI)、放置腹膜外导管连接局部麻醉药持续输注,同时辅以腹横筋膜平面(transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滞及全身性用药的镇痛方式被提出并应用于临床,且被证实是十分有效的围术期多模式镇痛手段[23]

    胰腺的神经支配包括来自内脏神经的交感和副交感传入神经,组成包括前肝、后肝、上肠系膜、脾神经丛和腹腔神经丛。对于阿片类药物无法有效控制的胰腺癌相关疼痛或患者产生严重药物副作用时,微创介入治疗(如神经节或神经丛阻滞/毁损术)可进一步提供镇痛效果,改善患者的生活质量和预后。

    腹腔神经丛是人体最大的内脏神经丛,位于腹膜后脂肪深层,主动脉的前外侧表面,以及胃和胰腺的后方;腹腔神经节通常位于T12~L1椎体前方。阻滞术使用局麻药、类固醇等药物对神经丛或神经节进行神经阻滞,毁损术则使用无水酒精对神经丛或神经节进行毁损,此类操作均可在术中直视下完成[24]。经皮穿刺引导方式通常包括荧光镜透视、床旁超声[25]、CT和MRI等,其中CT引导更为普遍[26]。2020年一项针对中国胰腺癌腹膜后淋巴结转移相关疼痛患者的研究显示,与单纯腹腔神经丛毁损相比,CT引导下腹腔神经丛毁损联合腹膜后肿大淋巴结无水乙醇注射治疗镇痛效果更佳,且不良反应发生率更低[27]。近年来,EUS引导下腹腔神经丛穿刺得到更多关注[28],有研究总结了经皮穿刺及经内镜穿刺的操作特点[29]。2021年的荟萃分析比较了胰腺癌患者行EUS引导下腹腔神经节毁损及腹腔神经丛毁损的特点及优劣[30],发现在短期镇痛方面前者较后者更具优势,但前者可能缩短患者生存期;而次年的一项多中心研究表明,与单纯腹腔神经丛毁损相比,EUS引导下腹腔神经丛毁损联合腹腔神经节毁损镇痛效果更佳[31]。腹腔神经丛阻滞/毁损术安全性良好,常见的并发症包括一过性背痛、体位性低血压等;但对于Ⅲ期胰腺癌患者,腹腔神经丛毁损或内脏神经切除与其生存期缩短相关[32]。近期我国另一项研究表明,操作中未见腹腔神经节、肿瘤远处转移以及腹腔神经丛受肿瘤侵犯是EUS引导下腹腔神经丛毁损治疗胰腺癌相关疼痛效果不佳的预测因素[33]

    此外,对于失去手术机会的胰腺癌患者,经皮内脏神经毁损及内脏神经冷冻术[34]也可考虑作为介入镇痛治疗手段,但由于肿瘤的扩散和转移,大部分晚期胰腺癌患者的内脏神经均有累及和包裹,这一原因可能限制了该手段的广泛开展[35]

    化疗可减少肿瘤负荷、减轻局部神经侵袭及炎性反应,在胰腺癌患者治疗中发挥重要的镇痛作用。需要强调的是,化疗本身可能会给胰腺癌患者带来额外的疼痛,如化疗相关的周围神经病变等,需引起临床医师的重视,应将化疗相关疼痛与胰腺癌本身引起的疼痛进行鉴别诊断及区别管理。

    近年来,来自WHO、NCCN及欧洲的癌痛管理指南均强调了放疗的重要地位。放疗可通过减少肿瘤负荷与炎性介质的释放而减轻胰腺癌导致的导管梗阻与肿瘤的神经周围浸润[36],从而在几周内显著缓解胰腺癌患者的疼痛[37]。最新研究表明,短期姑息性放疗可显著缓解胰腺癌相关疼痛,提高患者生活质量[38],并可减少胃肠道出血,不良反应较轻[39]。此外,SBRT作为先进的放疗手段,能够以更适形的方式传递更高剂量的辐射,为胰腺癌患者提供更好的镇痛效果[40],且与其他镇痛手段联用镇痛效果更佳。

    患者通常需在全麻或镇静状态下接受HIFU治疗,该方法利用聚焦的高能量超声波,在焦点处产生瞬时高温,通过热效应和机械效应破坏胰腺癌肿瘤组织,具有创伤小、术后恢复快等特点,相对安全且镇痛效率高[41];同时可改善胰腺癌患者的情绪、睡眠及饮食状况,显著提高其生活质量[42]。HIFU治疗后的疼痛评分高提示患者预后不良[43],其常见的术后不良反应为局部腹痛及体温波动[44]

    IDDS俗称“鞘内吗啡泵”,为系统性、侵入性疼痛治疗手段。通过手术将输注系统植入体内,导管放置于蛛网膜下腔,绕过血脑屏障,精准地将相对微小的镇痛药剂量送达脊髓背角,至今已用于临床逾40年。

    IDDS设备可分为全植入式和半植入式。全植入式IDDS管理方便,患者满意度高,但价格昂贵,对于预计生存期大于3个月的胰腺癌患者更为适用。将导管末端放置于T6水平,使用包括吗啡、罗哌卡因等多种药物组合,可缓解90%以上胰腺癌患者的难治性疼痛[45]。半植入式IDDS通过蛛网膜下腔置管、皮下埋放输液港、蝴蝶针外接电子输注泵实现,价格较低,患者接受度高,可能更适合终末期患者[46]。鉴于我国医保覆盖与经济条件等因素,目前临床半植入式IDDS装置应用更为广泛[47]。半植入式IDDS装置存在感染、管路打折等风险,对护理要求较高。2023年我国报道了1例难治性癌痛患者,在医护团队及患者家属的共同努力下,使用半植入式IDDS装置长达5年,镇痛效果良好[48]。综上,在考虑IDDS前,需充分权衡成本效益、患者意愿、功能状态、手术风险及恢复时间等因素[49]

    对于胰腺癌导致的牵涉性肌筋膜疼痛,近年来有病例报道显示对局部性触发点进行干针治疗(trigger point dry needling)可提供有效镇痛[50]。此外,经皮电刺激(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,TENS)因其无创性及有效性,也成为胰腺癌相关疼痛的治疗手段之一[51]

    此外,综合疗法(如营养治疗、生活方式干预)和替代疗法作为传统医疗的补充,逐渐被证实可为癌症患者提供更全面的照护[52]。对于胰腺癌患者来说,综合疗法和替代疗法注重提高患者的生活质量和心理舒适度,但效果可能因人而异。营养咨询、消化酶疗法、微生物支持可帮助患者更好地管理饮食、肠道健康、消化问题;膳食补充剂、生活方式干预(如体育活动和健康睡眠)等手段可满足患者的心理需求,缓解压力和疲劳,从而改善其生活质量。针灸、瑜伽、反射疗法、按摩、正念[53]等替代疗法也被证实对缓解胰腺癌患者的身心症状具有积极作用[54],虽尚未广泛普及,但为传统治疗方法不敏感或不能耐受的患者提供了新的选择。

    美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO) 发布的临床实践指南建议,对于转移性胰腺癌患者应尽早为其介绍缓和治疗。缓和医疗多学科团队可为患者评估、缓解症状以及解决生活质量问题提供个性化治疗方案,确保患者在整个疾病过程中得到全面的照护。这种综合性照护不仅关注患者的身体症状,还注重其心理、社会和情感需求。

    尽管镇痛手段多样,胰腺癌由于发现晚、预后差、消耗及疼痛症状突出等特点,其疼痛管理极具挑战。综上,胰腺癌患者的疼痛管理需综合考虑多种治疗手段,包括围术期镇痛、药物治疗、神经阻滞/毁损术和其他非药物治疗等。在制订个性化的疼痛管理方案时,应根据患者的具体情况、疼痛程度、预期寿命以及治疗方法的可行性和安全性作出决策。近期有研究提示,表观遗传学调控可能为胰腺癌的镇痛提供新途径[55],即表观遗传学调控调节与疼痛相关的基因表达,可能减轻疼痛感知或调节镇痛处理机制。未来期待有更多高质量证据评估不同疗法的疗效及安全性,以供患者及临床医师共同确定最佳的疼痛管理策略。

    作者贡献:陈思负责资料收集和论文撰写;申乐负责论文修订并审阅定稿。
    利益冲突:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
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  • 收稿日期:  2024-03-25
  • 录用日期:  2024-05-09
  • 刊出日期:  2024-07-29

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