2000—2023年国际老年人共病研究文献计量学分析

张宁, 张晓辰, 何牧, 孙晓红, 康琳, 曲璇, 朱鸣雷

张宁, 张晓辰, 何牧, 孙晓红, 康琳, 曲璇, 朱鸣雷. 2000—2023年国际老年人共病研究文献计量学分析[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2024, 15(4): 867-876. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2023-0516
引用本文: 张宁, 张晓辰, 何牧, 孙晓红, 康琳, 曲璇, 朱鸣雷. 2000—2023年国际老年人共病研究文献计量学分析[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2024, 15(4): 867-876. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2023-0516
ZHANG Ning, ZHANG Xiaochen, HE Mu, SUN Xiaohong, KANG Lin, QU Xuan, ZHU Minglei. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Global Research on Multimorbidity in Older Adults from 2000 to 2023[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2024, 15(4): 867-876. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2023-0516
Citation: ZHANG Ning, ZHANG Xiaochen, HE Mu, SUN Xiaohong, KANG Lin, QU Xuan, ZHU Minglei. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Global Research on Multimorbidity in Older Adults from 2000 to 2023[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2024, 15(4): 867-876. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2023-0516

2000—2023年国际老年人共病研究文献计量学分析

基金项目: 

中央高水平医院临床科研专项 2022-PUMCH-B-132

详细信息
    通讯作者:

    孙晓红,E-mail:sunxiaoh2010@126.com

  • 中图分类号: R592; R181.2

A Bibliometric Analysis of the Global Research on Multimorbidity in Older Adults from 2000 to 2023

Funds: 

National High Level Hospital Clinical Research 2022-PUMCH-B-132

More Information
  • 摘要:
    目的 

    分析2000—2023年老年人共病领域的国际研究趋势及前沿热点,以期为老年人共病研究提供借鉴。

    方法 

    检索Web of Science数据库,将文献类型限制为“Article”或“Review”,纳入发表时间为2000年1月1日—2023年10月24日的老年人共病相关英文文献。采用VOSviewer 1.6.18软件对文献中的内容进行提取,并绘制高产国家/地区(发文量≥30篇)、机构(发文量≥43篇)的合作网络图及高频关键词(出现频次≥74次)的共现关系时间线图。采用CiteSpace 6.1.R6软件对作者、研究机构、国家等信息进行共现和聚类分析。采用R语言“bibliometrix”包分析文献的关键词演变趋势。

    结果 

    共获得老年人共病相关文献2590篇(包括Article 2230篇、Review 360篇)。自2000年以来全球发文量快速增长,美国在该领域的发文量(35.02%,907/2590)及总被引频次(31 343次)均最多。加拿大多伦多大学的发文量最大(2.59%,67/2590),加拿大麦克马斯特大学的Jenny Ploeg(1.24%,32/2590)是成果产出最多的作者。BMC Geriatr(3.82%,99/2590)是收录老年人共病相关文献最多的期刊。该领域高频关键词主要为“multimorbidity”“older adults”“frailty”“aging”和“polypharmacy”。

    结论 

    近年来,老年人共病研究的热点主要集中于老年人共病与衰老的关系,以及与共病相关的衰弱和多重用药方面。未来可更多围绕老年综合评估、初级卫生保健以及生活质量等内容展开研究。

    Abstract:
    Objective 

    To analyze the research trends and cutting-edge hot spots in the field of multimorbidity in older adults from 2000 to 2023 to provide reference for related research.

    Methods 

    We conducted a search in the Web of Science Core Collection database, specifically looking for articles or reviews in English on multimorbidity in older adults published between January 1, 2000 and October 24, 2023. VOSviewer 1.6.18 software was used to extract the contents in the literature and draw the cooperative network diagram of high-producing countries(≥30 articles) and institutions(≥43 articles) as well as the timeline diagram of high-frequency keywords(≥74 occurrences) co-occurrence relationship. CiteSpace 6.1.R6 software was used to co-occur and cluster analyze the information of authors, research institutions and countries. The "bibliometrix" package in R was used to analyze the evolution of keywords in the literature.

    Results 

    A total of 2590 documents consisting of 2230 Articles and 360 Reviews were obtained. The worldwide publication count significantly increased since 2000. Among the countries, the United States had the highest number of publications (35.02%, 907/2590) and total citations(31 343 times) in this field. The University of Toronto in Canada had the largest number of articles(2.59%, 67/2590). Jenny Ploeg of McMaster University was recognized as the most prolific author(1.24%, 32/2590). When it came to journals, BMC Geriatrics had the highest amount of literature related to multimorbidity(3.82%, 99/2590). The key areas of research in this field included multimorbidity, older adults, frailty, aging, and polypharmacy. Notably, there was growing interest in studying the relationship between multimorbidity and aging in older adults, as well as the impact of frailty and polypharmacy on multimorbidities.

    Conclusions 

    In recent years, research on multimorbidities in the elderly has primarily centered around examining the correlation between comorbidities and aging, as well as exploring the impact of frailty and polypharmacy on individuals with multimorbidities. Future research could delve into primary health care, comprehensive geriatric assessment for older adults with multimorbidities, and maintenance of their overall quality of life.

  • 脓毒症造成的弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)是炎症与凝血系统相互作用的复杂病理生理过程。炎症小体是细胞溶质中的多蛋白复合物,也是人体免疫系统的重要组成部分,其活化能够介导细胞焦亡,从而导致质膜破裂(plasma membrane rupture,PMR),使单核巨噬细胞过度释放白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-18,产生炎症层联反应[1],同时,血栓形成会导致凝血因子耗尽后的多器官功能性衰竭。本文就炎症小体与细胞焦亡之间的相关性及对凝血功能的影响相关研究进行综述,以期为DIC的临床治疗提供新思路。

    炎症小体由传感器、衔接子和效应子组成,其中起激活作用的典型传感器包括核苷酸结合结构域富含亮氨酸重复序列和含热蛋白结构域受体3 (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 3,NLRP3)、NLRP1、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白4(NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 4,NLRC4)、热蛋白(pyrin) 和黑色素瘤缺乏因子2(absent in melanoma 2,AIM2)。NLRP3是目前研究较多的一类炎症小体,在中性粒细胞、单核细胞、树突状细胞、淋巴细胞中均有表达,其失调会导致过度炎症,并与自身炎症、自身免疫性疾病、代谢性疾病和肿瘤的发生密切相关[2-3]。研究表明,特异性表达NLRP3功能获得性突变体的高血糖模型小鼠出现肾损伤加重,主要表现为白蛋白尿增加、肾小球系膜扩张和肾小球基底膜厚度增加[4],提示NLRP3的过度表达促进糖尿病肾病的发生发展。此外,NLRP3还会导致高血脂模型小鼠动脉粥样硬化,形成血栓[5]

    细胞焦亡是一种炎症性细胞死亡,主要发生在内皮细胞和巨噬细胞[6]。经典的细胞焦亡途径,其核心在于炎症小体的介导作用(图 1),是指在病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs) 和损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)的刺激下,炎症小体激活半胱天冬酶(caspase)-1,使成孔蛋白D(gasdermin D,GSDMD)水解释放N末端(N-terminal,NT)片段[7-9],引起PMR并导致细胞焦亡,包括组织因子(tissue factor,TF)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)等在内的细胞内容物被释放至细胞外,IL-1β和IL-18进一步攻击细胞,而脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)等原胞质内物质暴露于组织中,通过caspase-11或caspase-4/5直接激活GSDMD,进一步诱导细胞焦亡,形成炎症层联反应[10-11]

    图  1  炎症小体介导细胞焦亡的相关机制
    NLRP3(nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 3):核苷酸结合结构域富含亮氨酸重复序列和含热蛋白结构域受体3;DsDNA(double-stranded DNA):双链DNA;AIM2(absent in melanoma 2):黑色素瘤缺乏因子2;PAMPs(pathogen-associated molecular patterns):病原体相关分子模式;DAMPs(damage-associated molecular patterns):损伤相关分子模式;NEK7(NIMA-related kinase 7):NIMA相关激酶7;NLRP1(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1): 核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体1;ROS(reactive oxygen species): 活性氧;IL(interleukin):白细胞介素;GSDMD(gasdermin D):成孔蛋白D;TF(tissue factor):组织因子;LDH(lactate dehydrogenase):乳酸脱氢酶; LPS(lipopolysaccharide): 脂多糖;TLR(Toll like receptor): Toll样受体
    Figure  1.  Mechanisms related to inflammasome mediated cell pyroptosis

    Davie等[12-13]发现凝血层联反应并证实外源性凝血系统由纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FⅠ)、凝血酶原(prothrombin,FⅡ)、TF和Ca2+组成。Hoffman等[14]提出一种基于细胞的凝血模型,将凝血阶段分为依赖性TF/Ⅶa启动(启动阶段,即外源性途径)、通过TF途径抑制物(tissue factor pathway inhibitor,TFPI)抑制TF/Ⅶa复合物、放大凝血酶生成(放大、扩增阶段,即内源性途径)。而凝血酶可通过激活血小板和内皮细胞表面的蛋白酶激活受体(protease activated receptors,PARS),促进IL-6和IL-8的释放,并激活蛋白C,加剧炎症反应[15-16]

    抗凝血机制包括TFPI、肝素-抗凝血酶途径和蛋白C抗凝途径。其中,TFPI主要抑制外源性凝血途径,防止凝血级联反应的过度激活,从而避免血液在血管损伤部位以外的区域凝固[17]。肝素通过与抗凝血酶(antithrombin,AT)结合,促进AT对凝血酶和因子Ⅹa发挥抑制作用[18]。凝血酶与血管内皮细胞表面的血栓调节蛋白(thrombomodulin,TM)结合,会激活蛋白C抗凝途径,活化蛋白C(activated protein C,APC)能够与蛋白S结合,形成复合物,使因子Ⅴa和Ⅷa失活[19]

    Ryan等[20]研究发现,TF在细胞内表达后,其关键半胱氨酸残基发生修饰,使TF有效激活凝血途径。当PMR发生时,细胞中大量TF释放至血液中,在Ca2+的刺激下激活外源性凝血途径[21]。在炎症反应发生时,机体激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB),促进TF基因表达,从而激活外源性凝血途径,促进血栓形成[22]。而TF和纤维蛋白原的表达升高,使得内皮细胞蛋白C受体(endothelial protein C receptor,EPCR)和α1-抗胰蛋白酶(α1-antitrypsin,α1-AT) 等抗凝蛋白表达降低,纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor 1,PAI-1)的活性受到抑制,导致凝血系统紊乱,增加血栓形成风险,并可能加剧疾病的严重程度[23]。当脓毒症发生时,TFPI的活性降低,IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和内毒素可通过抑制基因转录下调血栓调节蛋白和EPCR,从而抑制蛋白C的活化[24-26]。综上,炎症反应不仅刺激内皮细胞及巨噬细胞分泌大量TF,激活外源性凝血途径(图 2),还会影响凝血系统,导致血液处于高凝状态;反之,凝血因子表达上调会促进炎症因子分泌,说明炎症反应与凝血功能高度相关且相互影响。

    图  2  组织因子介导的凝血反应
    TF: 同图 1;Fibrin: 纤维蛋白;Platelet: 血小板;Prothrombin: 凝血酶原;Thrombin: 凝血酶
    Figure  2.  Coagulation reaction mediated by tissue factor

    研究表明,细胞焦亡通路中caspase-1及caspase-11的激活会导致巨噬细胞释放富含TF的细胞外囊泡[27-28]。在LPS的刺激下,单核细胞和内皮细胞通过炎症小体组装以及嘌呤能受体P2X7、caspase-1活化增加TF的表达,导致凝血反应发生[29]。caspase-11通过GSDMD触发Ca2+内流和跨膜蛋白16F的激活,增加TF的促凝血活性[30]。跨膜蛋白173可在炎症发生后通过细胞焦亡介导GSDMD裂解,并导致DIC的发生[31]。Wu等[32]利用革兰阴性菌的Ⅲ型分泌系统(type Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS)及LPS激活炎症小体,促使TF释放并以微泡形式进入血液循环,引发全身性凝血反应,导致实验动物死亡,该团队进一步敲除GSDMD后发现,缺乏GSDMD的细胞能够抵御细胞焦亡的发生,还能减少IL-1β和IL-18的分泌,证实炎症小体激活后释放TF依赖于细胞焦亡途径。

    内皮细胞发生细胞焦亡可激活中性粒细胞胞外陷阱(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs)[33-34],NETs对宿主细胞具有极强的细胞毒性,可损伤和杀死内皮细胞,并导致凝血激活。NETs通过诱导内皮细胞释放黏附分子和TF以激活内皮细胞,随后招募炎症细胞并促进炎症和凝血反应的发生,而NETs中的中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶和髓过氧化物酶通过蛋白水解裂解和抗凝血剂氧化上调促凝血反应[35]。此外,由于促血栓成分(如TF、血管性血友病因子、纤维连接蛋白、纤维蛋白原)的释放或表达以及膜抗凝成分的受损,受损或活化的内皮细胞呈现高凝状态[36]。补体系统在调节免疫反应中发挥重要作用,在细胞焦亡过程中,这些补体成分不仅触发凝血反应,且通过激活内皮细胞和血小板,进一步促进血液凝固。此外,细胞焦亡还通过上调PAI-1的表达,导致纤溶系统受损,使得血液凝固和血栓形成风险增加[37]。综上,炎症小体可通过激活细胞焦亡途径,释放TF囊泡并导致凝血功能紊乱,还可通过NETs及补体系统使血液处于高凝状态。

    随着细胞焦亡机制相关研究的不断发展,NLRP3、GSDMD、caspase-1或可作为抗凝新靶点。研究表明,NLRP3抑制剂(MCC950)可有效阻断NLRP3炎症小体的激活[38]。双硫仑通过阻断GSDMD膜孔的形成可抑制细胞焦亡和细胞因子释放[39]。caspase-1抑制剂(VX-765)的衍生物(VRT-043198)可有效抑制IL-1β和IL-18的释放[40]。研究表明,败血梭菌是气性坏疽的主要病原体,其产生的α毒素会激活NLRP3,而MCC950可以阻断小鼠败血梭菌诱导的致死性[41]。在脓毒性休克患者中,VX-765可通过抑制B细胞亚群的选择性耗竭改善预后[42]。动物实验表明,在静脉血栓小鼠模型中,caspase-1的缺乏可防止流量限制诱导的血栓形成[43]

    目前,脓毒症造成的凝血障碍及晚期不可逆性DIC是急危重症救治的一大难题。脓毒症的发生会促进NLRP3炎症小体生成以及caspase-1、caspase-11、GSDMD等蛋白表达,并导致细胞焦亡,促进IL-1β和IL-18的分泌,进一步加剧炎症反应,同时LPS、TF等激活外源性凝血途径,并通过NETs等途径抑制抗凝血机制,进一步耗竭凝血因子,增强凝血层联反应。细胞焦亡作为中心环节,可连接炎症小体的生成与外源性凝血途径,三者相互作用,共同使机体凝血达到不可逆状态,对脓毒症的治疗及预后造成了极大不确定性。因此通过抑制细胞焦亡机制干扰炎症反应的发展,同时减少TF的分泌,对于防止外源性凝血途径的激活具有重要意义。未来仍需针对细胞焦亡机制进行深入研究,为早期干预脓毒症,防止DIC的发生提供理论依据。

    作者贡献:张宁负责论文构思、数据分析、论文撰写;张晓辰负责文献检索、文献筛选、数据分析;何牧负责文献筛选、数据分析;康琳、曲璇、朱鸣雷负责文献检索及论文修订;孙晓红负责论文修订与审核。
    利益冲突:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
  • 图  1   2590篇老年人共病研究文献年发文量及被引频次分布情况

    Figure  1.   Distribution of annual publications and citation frequency of 2590 co-morbidity research literature on older adults

    图  2   发文量≥30篇的国家/地区合作网络图

    注:各节点间的连线表明二者存在合作关系,连线越粗表示合作关系越强。美国所代表的红色条带宽度、与其他条带的连接宽度均最大

    Figure  2.   Map of cooperation network of countries/regions with ≥30 publications

    图  3   发文量居前10位的研究机构合作网络图

    Figure  3.   Collaborative network map of the top 10 research institutions in terms of number of publications

    表  1   发文量、连接强度、被引频次居前10位的国家

    Table  1   Top 10 countries in terms of number of publications, link strength and frequency of citations

    序号 国家 发文量(篇) 国家 连接强度 国家 被引频次(次)
    1 美国 907 英国 396 美国 31 343
    2 英国 240 美国 371 英国 10099
    3 加拿大 228 意大利 323 意大利 9258
    4 意大利 206 西班牙 300 荷兰 7193
    5 荷兰 200 荷兰 278 加拿大 7191
    6 德国 191 德国 254 德国 5782
    7 中国 185 澳大利亚 243 瑞典 5086
    8 西班牙 184 法国 193 瑞士 4462
    9 澳大利亚 183 加拿大 170 西班牙 3944
    10 瑞典 105 比利时 170 澳大利亚 3693
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   发文量、被引频次及共被引频次居前10位的作者

    Table  2   Top 10 authors in terms of number of publications, citation frequency and co-citation frequency

    序号 作者 发文量(篇) 作者 被引频次(次) 作者 共被引频次(次)
    1 Jenny Ploeg 32 Alessandra Marengoni 3491 Alessandra Marengoni 566
    2 Maureen Markle-Reid 29 Laura Fratiglioni 2794 Linda P Fried 496
    3 Davide L.Vetrano 29 Susan M.Smith 1419 Martin Fortin 437
    4 Alessandra Marengoni 28 Graziano Onder 1186 Mary E.Charlson 425
    5 Cynthia M.Boyd 22 Martin Fortin 1123 World Health Organization 400
    6 Amaia Calderon-Larranaga 22 Davide L.Vetrano 997 Cynthia M.Boyd 357
    7 Graziano Onder 22 Cynthia M.Boyd 972 Karen Barnett 342
    8 Laura Fratiglioni 21 Jenny Ploeg 963 Mary E Tinetti 335
    9 Ai Koyanagi 17 Maureen Markle-Reid 815 Martine Exterman 293
    10 Kathryn Fisher 16 Emma Wallace 799 Ronald C.Kessler 273
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   发文量、总连接强度、被引频次居前10位的研究机构

    Table  3   Top 10 research institutions in terms of number of publications, total link strength and citation frequency

    序号 机构名称 发文量(篇) 机构名称 总连接强度 机构名称 被引频次(次)
    1 多伦多大学 67 卡罗林斯卡学院 164 卡罗林斯卡学院 4128
    2 卡罗林斯卡学院 63 多伦多大学 135 哥伦比亚大学 3640
    3 麦克马斯特大学 53 斯德哥尔摩大学 125 布雷西亚大学 3552
    4 约翰斯·霍普金斯大学 51 约翰斯·霍普金斯大学 117 约翰斯·霍普金斯大学 3343
    5 华盛顿大学 50 杜克大学 115 斯德哥尔摩大学 3055
    6 密歇根州立大学 49 加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校 114 斯德哥尔摩老年研究中心 2830
    7 杜克大学 47 布雷西亚大学 102 伦敦卫生与热带医学院 2731
    8 加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校 45 哈佛医学院 100 印第安纳大学 2653
    9 悉尼大学 45 圣心天主教大学 96 拉德堡德大学 2570
    10 伦敦国王学院 43 斯德哥尔摩老年研究中心 94 匹兹堡大学 2134
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    表  4   发文量、被引频次居前10位的期刊

    Table  4   Top 10 journals in terms of number of publications and frequency of citations

    序号 期刊 发文量(篇) 影响因子(JCR2022) JCR分区 共被引期刊 被引频次(次) 影响因子(JCR2022) JCR分区
    1 BMC Geriatr 99 4.1 Q2 J Am Geriatr Soc 4037 6.3 Q1
    2 J Am Geriatr Soc 67 6.3 Q1 J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2164 5.1 Q2
    3 BMJ Open 56 2.9 Q2 J Am Med Assoc 2144 120.7 Q1
    4 Arch Gerontol Geriatr 53 4 Q2 J Clin Oncol 2105 45.4 Q1
    5 J Geriatr Oncol 53 3 Q3 Lancet 1829 168.9 Q1
    6 PLoS One 50 3.7 Q2 PLoS One 1815 3.7 Q2
    7 Age Ageing 46 6.7 Q1 J Clin Epidemiol 1781 7.2 Q1
    8 Int J Environ Res Public Health 36 NA NA New Engl J Med 1431 158.5 Q1
    9 J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 34 5.1 Q2 Age Ageing 1382 6.7 Q1
    10 J Am Med Dir Assoc 33 7.6 Q1 Blood 1193 20.3 Q1
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    表  5   出现频次、总连接强度居前20位的关键词

    Table  5   Top 20 keywords in terms of frequency of occurrenceand total link strength

    序号 关键词 出现频次(次) 总连接强度
    1 multimorbidity 1172 2194
    2 older adults 886 1706
    3 frailty 206 468
    4 aging 153 301
    5 polypharmacy 138 312
    6 depression 137 294
    7 chronic disease 134 302
    8 mortality 124 261
    9 geriatric assessment 83 200
    10 quality of life 80 188
    11 cancer 75 213
    12 dementia 74 145
    13 epidemiology 70 132
    14 disability 68 145
    15 comprehensive geriatric assessment 62 151
    16 geriatrics 60 144
    17 primary care 58 116
    18 anxiety 54 118
    19 geriatric oncology 46 123
    20 geriatric 44 102
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    表  6   被引频次居前15位的文献

    Table  6   Top 15 cited articles

    序号 作者及发表时间 文章题目 期刊名称 被引频次(次) 文章类别
    1 Moussavi S等(2007年) Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys Lancet 2586 Article
    2 Kroenke K等(2009年) The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population J Affect Disord 2575 Article
    3 Marengoni A等(2011年) Aging with multimorbidity: A systematic review of the literature Ageing Res Rev 1645 Review
    4 Wolff JL等(2002年) Prevalence, expenditures, and complications of multiple chronic conditions in the elderly Arch Intern Med 1480 Article
    5 Diniz BS等(2013年) Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies Br J Psychiatry 763 Review
    6 Repetto L等(2002年) Comprehensive geriatric assessment adds information to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status in elderly cancer patients: An Italian group for geriatric oncology study J Clin Oncol 676 Article
    7 Salive ME(2013年) Multimorbidity in Older Adults Epidemiol Rev 669 Article
    8 Lehnert T等(2011年) Health Care Utilization and Costs of Elderly Persons With Multiple Chronic Conditions Med Care Res Rev 468 Review
    9 Hanlon P等(2018年) Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493 737 UK Biobank participants Lancet Public Health 441 Article
    10 Byers AL等(2010年) High Occurrence of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Among Older Adults The National Comorbidity Survey Replication Arch Gen Psychiatry 428 Article
    11 Quoix E等(2011年) Carboplatin and weekly paclitaxel doublet chemotherapy compared with monotherapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: IFCT-0501 randomised, phase 3 trial Lancet 417 Article
    12 Diederichs C等(2011年) The measurement of multiple chronic diseases--a systematic review on existing multimorbidity indices J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 413 Review
    13 Smith SM等(2012年) Managing patients with multimorbidity: systematic review of interventions in primary care and community settings BMJ 396 Article
    14 Björgvinsson T等(2013年) Psychometric properties of the CES-D-10 in a psychiatric sample Assessment 389 Article
    15 Smith SM等(2016年) Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev 384 Review
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2023-11-01
  • 录用日期:  2023-11-27
  • 网络出版日期:  2023-12-08
  • 发布日期:  2023-12-07
  • 刊出日期:  2024-07-29

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