A Survey on the Mental Health Status of Social Workers Under Long-term Stress of COVID-19 and the Exploration of Associated Factors: A Case Study of Chaoyang District, Beijing
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摘要:目的
了解COVID-19疫情防控常态化期间, 社工焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍发生情况并分析其影响因素。
方法采用分层整群抽样法, 于2021年11月—2022年3月期间选取北京市朝阳区酒仙桥、望京、太阳宫、十八里店、孙河5个街道的全部社工为研究对象(社工组), 并以该5个街道对应社区医院且具有相同年龄范围的在职一线医护人员(医护组)、社区居民(居民组)为对照人群。社工组、医护组、居民组比例为1∶1∶1。采用问卷星平台, 向社工、医护人员、社区居民微信群发放电子问卷展开调查。比较3组焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍筛查阳性率, 并采用多因素Logistic回归和决策树分析社工焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍的影响因素。
结果共回收问卷954份, 其中62份不合格予以剔除, 最终纳入892份(93.5%)有效问卷进行数据分析。其中社工组372份(41.7%), 医护组262份(29.4%), 居民组258份(28.9%)。社工组焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍筛查阳性率分别为15.3%、22.0%、48.1%, 较医护组(7.6%、10.3%、30.5%)和居民组(7.0%、8.5%、29.5%)明显升高(P均<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归显示, 家庭负担(OR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.09~2.96)、中文版压力知觉量表(Chinese perceived stress scale, CPSS)评分(OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.24~1.45)是社工焦虑的独立影响因素, CPSS评分(OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.20~1.39)、社会支持评定量表(social support rating scale, SSRS)评分(OR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.92~1.00)是社工抑郁的独立影响因素, 有精神疾病家族史(OR=4.91, 95% CI: 1.27~18.94)、CPSS评分(OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.14~1.27)、SSRS评分(OR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.91~0.98)是社工睡眠障碍的独立影响因素。决策树分析结果与多因素Logistic回归分析结果基本一致, 家庭负担、CPSS评分、SSRS评分是影响社工心理健康的重要变量, 其中CPSS评分与社工焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍均呈强关联。
结论在COVID-19疫情防控常态化时期, 相较于医护人员和社区居民, 社工表现出更高水平的心理健康问题。压力知觉、社会支持为社工心理健康的重要影响因素, 尤其以压力知觉的影响为著。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo study the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among social workers during the prolonged battle against the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the associated risk factors.
MethodsUsing a stratified cluster sampling method, we selected all social workers in the five streets of Chaoyang District, Beijing(Jiuxianqiao, Wangjing, Taiyanggong, Shibalidian, Sunhe) from November 2021 to March 2022 as the study population(social worker group), and the frontline medical staffs(medical professional group) of the same age range of the corresponding community hospitals of the same five streets, and the community residents(resident group) as the control population. The ratio of the social worker group, medical professional group, and resident group was 1∶1∶1. The Sojump platform was used to send electronic questionnaires to the wechat groups of social workers, healthcare workers, and community residents to carry out the survey. The screen positive rates for anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders were compared among the 3 groups. Multifactorial Logistic regression and decision tree were used to analyze the influencing factors of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders among social workers.
ResultsA total of 954 questionnaires were collected, of which 62 were disqualified and excluded. Finally, 892 valid questionnaires(93.5%) were included for data analysis. Among them, there were 372 questionnaires(41.7%) from the social worker group, 262(29.4%) from the medical professional group, and 258(28.9%) from the resident group. The prevalences of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders among social workers group were found to be 15.3%, 22.0%, and 48.1%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the medical professional group(7.6%, 10.3%, and 30.5%) and the resident group(7.0%, 8.5%, and 29.5%), all P < 0.001. Multiple Logistic regression showed that family burden(OR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.09-2.96) and Chinese perceived stress scale(CPSS) score(OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.24-1.45) were independent influencing factors for anxiety among social workers; CPSS score(OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.20-1.39) and social support rating scale(SSRS) score(OR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-1.00) were independent influencing factors for depression among social workers; family history of mental illness(OR=4.91, 95% CI: 1.27-18.94), CPSS score(OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.14-1.27), and SSRS score(OR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-0.98) were independent influencing factors for sleep disorders among social workers. The results of decision tree analysis were consistent with those of multiple Logistic regression analysis. Family burden, CPSS score, and SSRS score were important variables affecting the mental health of social workers, among which CPSS score was strongly associated with anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders among social workers.
ConclusionsSocial workers exhibited significant levels of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders during the long-term pandemic prevention, with CPSS being the most significant influencing factor.
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Keywords:
- COVID-19 /
- social-workers /
- anxiety /
- depression /
- sleep disorders
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整形外科乃至全医疗行业,医学干预结果的传统判断多由医生主导,判断的依据是用现有技术手段对躯体可测量参数进行分析,诸如体液(包括血液、尿液等)生化检测、影像学资料提取、躯体机械运动能力测评等。然而,对于整形外科而言,用躯体的基础理化信息来判断治疗结局远远不够。患者求助整形医生是为了通过形体的美化获得心灵的愉悦甚至社交效能的提升[1],因此患者的感受理应在整形外科医疗决策中占据更大权重。患者报告结局是指直接来自于患者对自身健康状况、功能状态以及治疗感受的报告,不包含其他任何人员的解释[2],是对自身观点的客观反应,其量化工具即为患者报告结局测评量表(patient reported outcome measures, PROMs)。20世纪70年代,人们对生命质量的关注度逐渐增强,使用问卷收集患者意见的临床研究亦逐渐增多。2006年,美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drugs Administration,FDA) 发布的《将PROMs用于医疗产品研发的指南草案》[2]是此类研究的里程碑事件。自此,关于PROMs的研究进入了标准化、系统化阶段[3-4]。整形外科相关的PROMs从较早的BREAST-Q,到后来的FACE-Q,BODY-Q,也逐渐丰富而成熟。但国内本行业仅有利用国外PROMs的一些零星而初级的临床研究[5-9],关于整形外科特异性PROMs的研发或本土化工作几乎为零。本文简要介绍整形外科相关PROMs的发展及应用概况,并阐述有关我国整形外科PROMS相关研究的个人思考。
1. PROMs发展概述
PROMs的呈现形式为系列化问卷,调查结果直接从患者处获取。这一方法将来自于患者的主观感受量化,转化为客观指标。2006年美国FDA发布的相关指南草案是对PROMs作为临床研究依据的认可[2, 10], 并在很大程度上推动了PROMS的研发和推广。整形外科领域PROMs相关研究的发文量从侧面反映了这一趋势(图 1)。
早期基于患者报告结局的临床研究多采用非标准化的临时问卷。Pusic等[11]对2010年之前发表的基于患者报告结局的临床研究进行了系统回顾,发现大多采用临时测评量表。这些量表虽然也能提供一些信息,但因问卷未经过充分的论证和修订,所得结果的稳定性和敏感性均较低,且即使对于相同的问题,在不同研究之间也不具备可比性。
目前国际上广泛采用的PROMs通用问卷为医疗结局36条目健康调查量表(Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36-Item Health Survey, MOSF-36)[12]。通用问卷关注的是躯体、情感、社交等问题,可以跨疾病类型对研究结果进行比较,但不利于捕捉与特定疾病相关的特殊问题。比如进行乳房整形的患者除关注上述有关生活质量的公共问题外,还会关注乳房形态、性体验、哺乳功能等与乳房疾病或乳房整形相关的具体问题,而减重患者则更多关心术后运动与饮食相关的问题。与通用问卷对应的是专病特异性问卷,此类问卷调查与特定身体条件直接相关的临床问题。在针对特定人群进行调查时,专病特异性问卷比通用问卷敏感性高,缺点是不能用于不同人群的比较研究。多模态量表则可弥补上述两类量表的不足。比如BREAST-Q可针对特定单一手术如隆乳、乳房缩小、重建和不重建的乳房切除术进行患者报告结局的研究,其中的独立模块可用于检测特定手术人群,而公用条目则用于不同手术的组间比较。然而在整形外科,由于针对多种修复重建/医疗美容类型的PROMs尚未研发完成,临床应用仍然受到一定限制。
2. PROMs研发步骤及科学指标
了解PROMs的研发过程是恰当选择测评工具的关键。为确保PROMs的可靠性、有效性和良好的响应性,严格遵循研发步骤非常必要。1990—2000年前后,关于PROMs研发的国际论坛极其活跃,2002年欧洲医疗结局科学咨询委员会制定了PROMs评价规范[13], 指出PROMs的开发应包含3个必要步骤:第一步,基于文献回顾、目标患者深度访谈和专家意见初步形成条目池,然后通过预试验遴选并确定问卷条目;第二步,将第一步形成的问卷用于较大样本检验,并将最能反映结果的问题保留为精简版PROMs,然后基于现代标准心理测量工具反复检验,从而选择最佳条目,进而形成测试版问卷;第三步,进行心理学评价研究,即将测试版问卷进行大规模、多中心检验,确定其可接受度、信度、效度和响应性。
PROMs的临床价值在于其是否能够回答医患所关心的所有重要临床问题,而PROMs的科学性指标包含信度、效度及响应性[14]。其中,信度是PROMs的重要属性,即在一段时间内的不同场合反复测定可获得相对恒定和可重复的结果;效度是指PROM在测评目标问题时的有效性;响应性指PROMs检测变化时的灵敏度。
3. 如何使用PROMs数据开展临床研究工作
PROMs可用于多种类型临床研究。就研究方法而言,可以基于PROMs设计高证据级别的随机对照研究,也可以用来进行证据级别稍低的横断面研究[14-15]。就研究内容而言,可用于比较不同手术方式与生存率的相关性研究,也可用于不同手术并发症危险性的比较研究[16]。而以患者满意为重要指标的整形外科手术或医疗美容干预则可通过PROMS获取有价值的研究参数[17]。另外,可借助PROMs收集特定人群关于某种整形医疗措施的偏爱数据,用于在临床工作中为患者提供相对准确的信息,有利于医生和患者进行安全的决策[18]。使用PROMS进行循证时要注意针对不同特定人群选择正确问卷体系,而对于所得数据临床意义的解读应基于对测评工具的充分理解和测评过程的严谨把控[19-20]。
4. 整形外科PROMs清单
整形外科急需严谨的PROMs, 但研发工作显然需由包含心理学家、社会学家等在内的多方研究人员共同完成。目前从https://qportfolio.org/ 网页可以较为方便地获取与整形外科相关的PROMs清单, 包括ACNE-Q、BODY-Q、BREAST-Q、LIMB-Q、CLEFT-Q、EAR-Q、FACE-Q、GENDER-Q、HAND-Q、LYMPH-Q、NAIL-Q、SCAR-Q、WOUND-Q,其中除GENDER-Q、LIMB-Q、NAIL-Q仍在开发中外,其他问卷均对非营利机构免费开放,其中大部分已被翻译成包括中文在内的多种语言。此类PROMs的制订过程严格遵循PROMs的3个步骤,并在全世界进行了多中心大样本检测,且明确交代了每个PROMs适用的研究类型。以使用较多的BREAST-Q为例,其包含了适用于隆乳手术、乳腺癌手术(乳房切除、保乳手术、乳房重建手术)与巨乳缩小术的独立问卷体系。每个问卷体系的概念性框架包含生活质量和患者感受两个方面。例如,针对隆乳手术的BREAST-Q, 包含9个独立的评分表格,用于测评患者对于治疗结果和治疗过程的评价。关于心理健康,主要针对体像关注和社交自信设置问题;关于躯体健康,则针对疼痛、紧绷感、运动能力设置问题;关于性健康,主要针对性吸引、性自信与性体验设置问题;关于乳房外形设置的条目包括乳房大小、罩杯是否舒适以及触感等;另外还有关于医疗过程中照护体验的问题。当然这套测评工具也仅是一个致力于这项工作的团队提供的一种较为系统的评价工具,而非PROMs的金标准,随着行业的发展,PROMs也一定会被赋予新的内容。
5. 小结与思考
整形外科新技术、新材料的快速涌现,带给患者关于自身体貌美化更多美好想象的同时,也必然增加选择与决策的难度。一些新的干预措施不仅对于患者是陌生的,医生也缺乏充分的直观经验,甚至无法获取充足且可靠的间接研究资料。冲动决定不仅可能会给患者带来灾难性的后果,也会给医生造成严峻的职业挫折。凡此种种,要求全行业高度重视基于循证医学的研究证据。患者的满意度和生存质量是整形外科最关键的结局指标之一,因此PROMs必然成为整形外科临床研究的重要工具。然而,迄今为止,我国整形外科领域尚未开展任何系统的PROMs研发工作,或对经过检验的其他语种的PROMs进行本土转化研究。而PROMs的三要素——信度、效度和响应性均与文化和语言高度关联,因此直接采用欧美已经开发完成的PROMs在我国进行临床研究与常态数据收集工作,显然是不妥当的。我国整形外科医生有必要牵头发起协同心理学家、经济学家、循证医学专家等相关专业人员共同参与的多元团队,开发适合我国文化环境、语言特征、经济状态的患者报告结局测评体系,以丰富临床研究的循证医学手段,获取有价值的临床决策依据,促进行业稳步发展,最终造福患者。
作者贡献:张函负责研究设计、论文撰写;马万欣、刘宏新、孟凡锐、张丹萍、刘春宇负责多中心数据收集;高媛主要承担数据分析;邢颖、刘璐负责指导论文修订。利益冲突:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突 -
表 1 3组人口学信息与心理健康水平比较
Table 1 Demographic information and mental health comparisons between 3 groups
指标 社工组(n=372) 医护组(n=262) 居民组(n=258) P值 性别[n(%)] <0.001 男 102(27.4)* 52(19.8)* 102(39.5) 女 270(72.6) 210(80.2) 156(60.5) 年龄[M(P25, P75),岁] 38.5(33, 43)* 37.5(31, 44.3)* 39(33, 46) 0.032 焦虑[n(%)] 57(15.3)#* 20(7.6) 18(7.0) <0.001 抑郁[n(%)] 82(22.0)#* 27(10.3) 22(8.5) <0.001 睡眠障碍[n(%)] 179(48.1)#* 80(30.5) 76(29.5) <0.001 与医护组比较,# P<0.05;与居民组比较,* P<0.05 表 2 社工组有/无焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍人群临床资料比较
Table 2 Clinical data comparisons on among social worker groups with and without anxiety, depression and sleep disorders
指标 焦虑(n=57) 无焦虑(n=315) P值 抑郁(n=82) 无抑郁(n=290) P值 睡眠障碍(n=179) 无睡眠障碍(n=193) P值 性别[n(%)] 0.158 0.481 0.362 男 20(35.1) 82(26.0) 25(30.5) 77(26.0) 53(29.6) 49(25.4) 女 37(64.9) 233(74.0) 57(69.5) 213(73.4) 126(70.4) 144(74.6) 年龄[M(P25, P75),岁] 38(34,43) 39(33,44) 0.746 37(32.8, 42.5) 39(34,44) 0.037 38(33,43) 39(34,43.5) 0.633 独居[n(%)] 2(3.5) 10(3.2) 0.895 3(3.7) 9(3.1) 0.802 7(3.9) 5(2.6) 0.472 文化程度[n(%)] 0.175 0.231 0.897 高中及以下 1(1.8) 22(7.0) 2(2.4) 21(7.2) 10(5.6) 13(6.7) 大专及本科 56(98.2) 287(91.1) 78(95.1) 265(91.4) 166(92.7) 177(91.7) 研究生及以上 0(0) 6(1.9) 2(2.4) 4(1.4) 3(1.7) 3(1.6) 工作年限[n(%)] 0.656 0.831 0.291 <5年 24(42.1) 136(43.2) 37(45.1) 123(42.4) 72(40.2) 88(45.6) 5~10年 23(40.4) 110(34.9) 27(32.9) 106(36.6) 63(35.2) 70(36.3) >10年 10(17.5) 69(21.9) 18(22.0) 61(21.0) 44(24.6) 35(18.1) CPSS评分[M(P25, P75),分] 33(29,37) 25(20,28) <0.001 32(29,37) 24(20,28) <0.001 29(27,32) 22(17.5,26) <0.001 CD-RISC评分[M(P25, P75),分] 43(36,55) 62(50,74) <0.001 47(37,56) 64(50,75) <0.001 50(42,62) 67(56,81) <0.001 SSRS评分[M(P25, P75),分] 34(30,40) 42(36,47) <0.001 34(29,40) 42(37,47) <0.001 37(31,42) 45(39,49) <0.001 工作负担[n(%)] 0.014 0.017 <0.001 轻度 0(0) 10(3.2) 1(1.2) 9(3.1) 3(1.7) 7(3.6) 中度 19(33.3) 158(50.2) 29(35.4) 148(51.0) 67(37.4) 110(57.0) 重度 38(66.7) 147(46.7) 52(63.4) 133(45.9) 109(60.9) 76(39.4) 经济负担[n(%)] <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 轻度 2(3.5) 84(26.7) 7(8.5) 79(27.2) 21(11.7) 65(33.7) 中度 20(35.1) 142(45.1) 28(34.1) 134(46.2) 79(44.1) 83(43.0) 重度 35(61.4) 89(28.3) 47(57.3) 77(26.6) 79(44.1) 45(23.3) 家庭负担[n(%)] <0.001 0.001 0.001 轻度 13(22.8) 163(51.7) 26(31.7) 150(51.7) 67(37.4) 109(56.5) 中度 30(52.6) 118(37.5) 38(46.3) 110(37.9) 81(45.3) 67(34.7) 重度 14(24.6) 34(10.8) 18(22.0) 30(10.3) 31(17.3) 17(8.8) 共患慢性疾病[n(%)] 30(52.6) 104(33.0) 0.005 42(51.2) 92(31.7) 0.001 82(45.8) 52(26.9) <0.001 有精神疾病家族史[n(%)] 11(19.3) 16(5.1) <0.001 14(17.1) 13(4.5) <0.001 23(12.8) 4(2.1) <0.001 CPSS(Chinese perceived stress scale):中文版压力知觉量表;CD-RISC(Connor-Davidson resilience scale):心理弹性量表;SSRS(social support rating scale):社会支持评定量表 表 3 社工焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍影响因素的多因素Logistic回归分析结果
Table 3 Influencing factors in multifactor Logistic regression analysis on anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders among social workers
指标 β SE Wald χ2 OR(95% CI) P值 焦虑 常量 -11.31 1.38 67.28 - <0.001 家庭负担 0.59 0.26 5.30 1.80(1.09~2.96) 0.021 CPSS评分 0.29 0.04 50.24 1.34(1.24~1.45) <0.001 抑郁 常量 -7.87 1.53 26.37 - <0.001 CPSS评分 0.26 0.04 44.47 1.29(1.20~1.39) <0.001 SSRS评分 -0.04 0.02 4.81 0.96(0.92~1.00) 0.028 睡眠障碍 常量 -4.44 1.26 12.51 - <0.001 有精神疾病家族史 1.59 0.69 5.34 4.91(1.27~18.94) 0.021 CPSS评分 0.18 0.03 41.50 1.20(1.14~1.27) <0.001 SSRS评分 -0.06 0.02 10.31 0.95(0.91~0.98) 0.001 -:不适用;CPSS、SSRS:同表 2 -
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