实施科学的前世今生(下篇)——理论、范式和特点

徐东, 蔡毅媛, 陈江芸

徐东, 蔡毅媛, 陈江芸. 实施科学的前世今生(下篇)——理论、范式和特点[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2024, 15(3): 686-693. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0025
引用本文: 徐东, 蔡毅媛, 陈江芸. 实施科学的前世今生(下篇)——理论、范式和特点[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2024, 15(3): 686-693. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0025
XU Dong, CAI Yiyuan, CHEN Jiangyun. Past and Present of Implementation Science (Part Ⅱ)——Theories, Paradigm, and Characteristics[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2024, 15(3): 686-693. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0025
Citation: XU Dong, CAI Yiyuan, CHEN Jiangyun. Past and Present of Implementation Science (Part Ⅱ)——Theories, Paradigm, and Characteristics[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2024, 15(3): 686-693. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2024-0025

实施科学的前世今生(下篇)——理论、范式和特点

基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金 72204107

瑞士国际发展和合作署(SDC)国际课题项目 81067392

详细信息
    通讯作者:

    陈江芸, E-mail: cjy112@i.smu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: R181.2; G304

Past and Present of Implementation Science (Part Ⅱ)——Theories, Paradigm, and Characteristics

Funds: 

National Natural Science Foundation of China 72204107

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation 81067392

More Information
  • 摘要:

    实施科学经过20余年的发展已建立起一套理论、模型和框架,可用于指导实施过程,确定影响实施的因素,并评价实施效果。在理论的指导下,实施性研究强调以问题为导向,寻找解决问题的循证实践,识别实施循证实践的障碍和促进因素,并选择性地应用实施策略推动循证实践的采用、实施和维持,从而形成实施性研究范式。这一范式亦赋予了实施性研究在研究设计方面的鲜明特色,包括大量使用理论、模型和框架,符合真实世界和环境,应用混合研究设计,采用快速研究方法,以及根据实施环境优化干预。本文作为“实施科学的前世今生”下篇,将简要介绍实施科学的理论、范式和特点。

    Abstract:

    Implementation science has evolved over more than 20 years and established a set of theories, models, and frameworks that can be used to guide the implementation process, identify implementation-influencing factors, and evaluate implementation effectiveness. Guided by theories, the implementation research paradigm has been developed to emphasize a problem-oriented approach that seeks to solve problems, identify barriers to implementing evidence-based practices, and selectively employ implementation strategies to facilitate their adoption, implementation, and maintenance. This paradigm also gives implementation research distinctive characteristics in terms of research design, including extensive use of theories, models, and frameworks, alignment with real-world and contextual settings, use of mixed research designs, use of rapid research methods, and optimization of interventions for the context in which they are to be implemented. As the second part of Past and Present of Implementation Science, this paper provides a brief introduction to the theories, paradigms, and characteristics of implementation science.

  • 近日,卫生部公布了2012年国家临床重点专科名单。北京协和医院普通外科、神经内科、急诊医学科、呼吸内科、肾病科、眼科和泌尿外科共7个专科成为2012年国家临床重点专科建设项目。自卫生部2010年启动国家临床重点专科评审遴选以来,北京协和医院已有21个专科入选国家临床重点专科,总数居全国医院前列。

    国家临床重点专科由卫生部组织专家评估产生,入选的专科具有医疗能力强、医疗质量高、管理规范等特点,在临床医疗服务体系中居技术核心地位,也是国家医疗质量管理、人才培养和技术推广的重要基地。2010年,北京协和医院病理科、产科、妇科、骨科、检验科、麻醉科、消化内科、重症医学科、专科护理共9个专科获评国家临床重点专科; 2011年,耳鼻咽喉科、内分泌科、心血管内科、血液内科、中医科共5个专科获评国家临床重点专科。

    (北京协和医院党委综合办 胡文静)

    作者贡献:徐东负责论文选题及初稿撰写;蔡毅媛参与初稿修订和文字整理;陈江芸负责结构设计、表格制作、论文初稿数据与信息审核、质量控制和论文修订。
    利益冲突:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
  • 表  1   实施科学理论、模型和框架发展的重要事件

    Table  1   Significant events in the development of implementation science on theories, models and frameworks

    年份 重要事件
    1999 R.E.Glasgow提出RE-AIM框架,从覆盖(reach)、干预效果(efficacy/effectiveness)、机构采用(adoption)、干预实施(implementation)和效果维持(maintenance)5个维度评价健康促进干预项目对公共卫生的影响[14]
    2005 Susan Michie提出TDF,将33个心理学理论中的128个概念整合简化后,形成与实施相关的12个领域[6]
    2006 Implementation Science杂志正式出版,提供了集中讨论和发布实施科学领域相关研究的学术平台
    2009 Laura Damschroder综合了18种实施科学的TMF,形成了“集大成者”的CFIR,包含5个维度和39个构念[7-8]
    2009 Carl May正式发表了包含4个生成机制的NPT,指出创新地推广和采用并不一定导致“实施”[9]
    2011 Susan Michie提出能力(capability)、机会(opportunity)和动机(motivation)是行为(behavior)改变的三大要素即COM-B,同时COM-B结合“TDF”和教育、说服、示范等干预措施,形成完整的BCW[11]
    2011 Gregory Aarons发表了EPIS框架,描述了探索(exploration)、准备(preparation)、实施(implementation)和维持(sustainment)4个实施阶段[12]
    2011 Enola Proctor提出了IOF,明确区分了实施结局、健康结局与服务结局之间的差异和关系,提出了8个实施结局指标,包括接受度、采纳率、适宜性、可行性、保真度、实施成本、渗透率和可持续性,基于此构建了界定实施结局的分类体系[13]
    2015 Per Nilsen制定了实施科学TMF的分类学,提出实施科学TMF的3个主要目标“描述和/或指导实施的过程”“理解和/或解释实施的因素”“评估实施的结果”[17]
    2022 Acacia团队徐东提出了解构实施性研究范式、内容与特点的PEDALS模型,包括现实问题(problem)、循证实践(evidence-based practice,EBP)、实施决定因素(determinants to implementation)、实施策略(action)、长期使用(long-term use)以及监测和评估(scale)6个步骤[4]
    TDF(theoretical domains framework):理论域框架;CFIR(consolidated framework for implementation research):实施性研究综合框架;NPT(normalization process theory):常态化过程理论;BCW(behavior change wheel):行为改变轮;EPIS(exploration,preparation,implementation,sustainment):探索-准备-实施-维持框架;IOF(implantation outcome framework):实施结局框架;PEDALS(problem,evidence-based practice,determinants to implementation,action,long-term use,scale):踏车模型
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   实施科学常用理论、模型和框架的区别与联系

    Table  2   Differences and connections between commonly used implementation science theories, models and frameworks

    类别 PEDALS* EPIS CFIR NPT RE-AIM IOF
    区别
      类型 实施过程模型 实施过程模型 实施决定因素框架 实施决定因素理论 实施评估框架 实施评估框架
      维度 现实问题(problem),循证实践(evidence-based practice),实施决定因素(determinants to implementation),实施策略(action),长期使用(long-term use),监测与评估(scale) 探索(exploration)
    准备(preparation)
    实施(implementation)
    维持(sustainment)
    干预特征(innovation)
    外部环境(outer setting)
    内部环境(inner setting)
    个体特征(individuals)
    实施过程(implementation process)
    思想认同(coherence)
    认知参与(cognitive participation)
    集体行动(collective action)
    反思监测(reflexive、monitoring)
    覆盖人群(reach)
    干预效果(efficacy/effectiveness)
    机构采用(adoption)
    干预实施(implementation)
    效果维持(maintenance)
    接受度(acceptability)
    采纳率(adoption)
    适宜性(appropriateness)
    实施成本(costs)
    可行性(feasibility)
    保真度(fidelity)
    渗透率(penetration)
    可持续性(sustainability)
      目的 描述实施性研究的基本步骤,指导构建或解构实施性研究 描述实施过程的关键阶段,指导实施性研究和实施实践 理解和/或解释实施结局的影响因素,聚焦于实施环境的宽广因素 描述和/或指导EBP常态化过程,聚焦于干预措施如何在日常实践中被接受和内化的过程 评估公共卫生和临床EBP在各种场景的多方面实施效果 界定实施性研究领域特定的结果,帮助理解实施过程和分析实施效果
      优势 体现了实施性研究的特色,帮助快速理解实施性研究和实施科学 考虑了影响实施过程的各种因素,旨在帮助实施者更好地理解、计划和执行实施活动 可全面识别和解释实施的影响因素(即障碍和促进因素) 作为针对实施科学专门研发的理论,可解释实施策略的作用机制,或基于理论生成实施策略 可全面评估实施过程、实施结局和实施成本,包含了个人层面的因素 专注于实施结果,考虑了在组织和服务提供者层面进行评估的变量
      不足 缺乏已完成的验证性研究,部分验证性研究仍在进行中 强调了不同层次和因素之间连接及互动的重要性,增加了实际实施的复杂性 维度冗余、未展现各维度和构念之间的相互作用;最新版未充分吸纳实施科学近期的理论发展成果 未能很好阐释各维度和构念之间的关系,缺乏大样本定量验证性研究对构念效度进行系统验证;比较抽象难懂 未充分强调实施前的理论前提条件,如干预措施的可接受性、适当性和可行性 未考虑在个人和服务接受者层面的影响和外部有效性的考量,对接触这一实施的关键指标关注不足
    共性 (1)应用广泛:TMF在公共卫生、医疗保健和实施科学领域得到了广泛应用; (2)多维度:TMF考虑了多个维度或因素,以全面评估项目或研究的影响和/或实施过程; (3)缺乏权重:TMF中各维度未被明确赋予权重
    联系 (1)替代使用:EPIS框架涵盖了实施工作的核心内容,与多个实施框架的类别相符合,减少了使用多个框架的需求。如EPIS框架与CFIR框架均考虑了外部和内部背景因素,EPIS框架与RE-AIM框架均强调了实施创新的动态性和长期维持性
    (2)联合使用:PEDALS模型在作为研究范式使用时通常需要与TMF联合使用。CFIR框架和NPT理论均试图寻找实施的决定因素,但前者强调相关性,条目较为全面;后者强调因果关系,可解释实施的机制;两者联合使用,可全面寻找实施的障碍和促进因素,也能更精准地开发实施策略。同样,RE-AIM框架与IOF框架在考虑组织层面的实施和维持方面存在共同之处,两者联合使用可弥补RE-AIM在可接受性、适合性和可行性三个指标的不足
    (3)协同使用:这些TMF可在实施前、实施中和实施后的不同阶段协同使用,发挥各自优势。如实施前使用CFIR寻找可能的障碍,以开发实施策略;实施后使用RE-AIM评估实施效果
    PEDALS、EPIS、CFIR、NPT、IOF:同表 1;RE-AIM(reach,efficacy/effectiveness,adoption,implementation,maintenance):Glasgow的健康促进项目评价框架
    *PEDALS可视为实施过程模型,也可作为实施性研究范式
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   实施性研究与传统健康服务研究比较

    Table  3   Comparison between implementation research and traditional health service research

    项目 实施性研究(以PEDALS为例) 传统健康服务研究
    研究目的 最终目的是改善服务接受者的健康结果,但特别强调从解决服务提供者的工作困境角度出发改善健康服务和结局
    如PEDALS-Problem:现实问题(困境和挑战)
    改善服务接受者的健康结果
    研究证据 寻找和借鉴既有的循证实践
    如PEDALS-Evidence-based Practice:循证实践
    通常着力开发和验证新的干预,为健康服务提供新证据
    研究创新 实施干预/实施策略(可针对实施决定因素进行设计)
    如PEDALS-Determinants to implementation:实施决定因素(障碍和促进)和PEDALS-Action:实施策略
    健康干预
    主要结局指标 服务提供者对循证实践的实施结果
    如PEDALS-Long term use:长期使用(可持续性)
    服务接受者的健康结果
    研究设计 验证实施干预有效性的(准)试验;但更强调适用于真实世界和环境的研究设计和方法
    如PEDALS-Scale:监测和评估(研究设计和方法)
    验证健康干预有效性的(准)试验
    PEDALS:同表 1
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2024-01-11
  • 录用日期:  2024-04-18
  • 网络出版日期:  2024-05-13
  • 发布日期:  2024-05-12
  • 刊出日期:  2024-05-29

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