A Survey on the Mental Health Status of Social Workers Under Long-term Stress of COVID-19 and the Exploration of Associated Factors: A Case Study of Chaoyang District, Beijing
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摘要:目的
了解COVID-19疫情防控常态化期间, 社工焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍发生情况并分析其影响因素。
方法采用分层整群抽样法, 于2021年11月—2022年3月期间选取北京市朝阳区酒仙桥、望京、太阳宫、十八里店、孙河5个街道的全部社工为研究对象(社工组), 并以该5个街道对应社区医院且具有相同年龄范围的在职一线医护人员(医护组)、社区居民(居民组)为对照人群。社工组、医护组、居民组比例为1∶1∶1。采用问卷星平台, 向社工、医护人员、社区居民微信群发放电子问卷展开调查。比较3组焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍筛查阳性率, 并采用多因素Logistic回归和决策树分析社工焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍的影响因素。
结果共回收问卷954份, 其中62份不合格予以剔除, 最终纳入892份(93.5%)有效问卷进行数据分析。其中社工组372份(41.7%), 医护组262份(29.4%), 居民组258份(28.9%)。社工组焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍筛查阳性率分别为15.3%、22.0%、48.1%, 较医护组(7.6%、10.3%、30.5%)和居民组(7.0%、8.5%、29.5%)明显升高(P均<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归显示, 家庭负担(OR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.09~2.96)、中文版压力知觉量表(Chinese perceived stress scale, CPSS)评分(OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.24~1.45)是社工焦虑的独立影响因素, CPSS评分(OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.20~1.39)、社会支持评定量表(social support rating scale, SSRS)评分(OR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.92~1.00)是社工抑郁的独立影响因素, 有精神疾病家族史(OR=4.91, 95% CI: 1.27~18.94)、CPSS评分(OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.14~1.27)、SSRS评分(OR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.91~0.98)是社工睡眠障碍的独立影响因素。决策树分析结果与多因素Logistic回归分析结果基本一致, 家庭负担、CPSS评分、SSRS评分是影响社工心理健康的重要变量, 其中CPSS评分与社工焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍均呈强关联。
结论在COVID-19疫情防控常态化时期, 相较于医护人员和社区居民, 社工表现出更高水平的心理健康问题。压力知觉、社会支持为社工心理健康的重要影响因素, 尤其以压力知觉的影响为著。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo study the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among social workers during the prolonged battle against the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the associated risk factors.
MethodsUsing a stratified cluster sampling method, we selected all social workers in the five streets of Chaoyang District, Beijing(Jiuxianqiao, Wangjing, Taiyanggong, Shibalidian, Sunhe) from November 2021 to March 2022 as the study population(social worker group), and the frontline medical staffs(medical professional group) of the same age range of the corresponding community hospitals of the same five streets, and the community residents(resident group) as the control population. The ratio of the social worker group, medical professional group, and resident group was 1∶1∶1. The Sojump platform was used to send electronic questionnaires to the wechat groups of social workers, healthcare workers, and community residents to carry out the survey. The screen positive rates for anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders were compared among the 3 groups. Multifactorial Logistic regression and decision tree were used to analyze the influencing factors of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders among social workers.
ResultsA total of 954 questionnaires were collected, of which 62 were disqualified and excluded. Finally, 892 valid questionnaires(93.5%) were included for data analysis. Among them, there were 372 questionnaires(41.7%) from the social worker group, 262(29.4%) from the medical professional group, and 258(28.9%) from the resident group. The prevalences of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders among social workers group were found to be 15.3%, 22.0%, and 48.1%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the medical professional group(7.6%, 10.3%, and 30.5%) and the resident group(7.0%, 8.5%, and 29.5%), all P < 0.001. Multiple Logistic regression showed that family burden(OR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.09-2.96) and Chinese perceived stress scale(CPSS) score(OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.24-1.45) were independent influencing factors for anxiety among social workers; CPSS score(OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.20-1.39) and social support rating scale(SSRS) score(OR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-1.00) were independent influencing factors for depression among social workers; family history of mental illness(OR=4.91, 95% CI: 1.27-18.94), CPSS score(OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.14-1.27), and SSRS score(OR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-0.98) were independent influencing factors for sleep disorders among social workers. The results of decision tree analysis were consistent with those of multiple Logistic regression analysis. Family burden, CPSS score, and SSRS score were important variables affecting the mental health of social workers, among which CPSS score was strongly associated with anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders among social workers.
ConclusionsSocial workers exhibited significant levels of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders during the long-term pandemic prevention, with CPSS being the most significant influencing factor.
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Keywords:
- COVID-19 /
- social-workers /
- anxiety /
- depression /
- sleep disorders
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无偿献血是一项事关广大人民群众身体健康和生命安全的社会公益事业。在党和国家的高度重视下,我国无偿献血制度、血液管理法制体系和血站采供血服务体系日趋完善[1-2]。但时有非法卖血行为发生,对我国血液管理制度造成严重破坏,对用血安全造成严重干扰[3]。非法组织卖血罪是指违反国家有关规定,非法组织出卖他人血液的行为。其严重扰乱医疗机构诊疗秩序,威胁血液质量安全,应予以严厉打击。本研究对近年来北京地区发生的非法组织卖血罪案件进行总结,旨在为针对性预防措施的出台提供参考,为首都健康公益事业保驾护航。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 资料来源
2020年11月18日于中国裁判文书官方网站(https://wenshu.court.gov.cn)以“北京”和“非法组织卖血罪”为关键词,检索2013—2019年北京地区非法组织卖血罪的裁判文书。以全部裁判文书为研究对象进行分析。
1.2 方法
对裁判文书涉及的案件资料进行分类汇总,包括罪犯个人信息与判决结果、犯罪时间、犯罪区域与地点等。
1.3 统计学处理
采用Microsoft Excel 2007软件进行资料整理和图表绘制。计数资料以频数(百分数)的形式进行描述。
2. 结果
2.1 案件总体情况
共检索2013—2019年北京地区非法组织卖血罪的裁判文书58份,涉及58起案件和115名罪犯。58起案件涉及北京8个城区,共组织638人卖血,非法卖血13 600 mL,卖血价格为400~600元/400 mL。共5份裁判文书记述招募卖血者方式,其中散发小广告2份(40.0%)、随机打电话2份(40.0%)、利用互联网媒介发布信息2份(40.0%)、上门问询1份(20.0%)等。关于罪犯判决情况,最轻的刑罚为拘役三个月缓刑六个月,并处罚金人民币二千元,最重的判决为有期徒刑一年八个月,并处罚金人民币五千元。
2.2 罪犯个人信息及判决结果
115名罪犯,男性99人(86.1%),女性16人(13.9%);罪犯年龄18~61岁,平均年龄33岁。其中20~29岁年龄段人数最多(42.6%,49/115),其次为30~39岁(24.3%,28/115);有违法记录25人(21.7%),无违法记录90人(78.3%)。判处拘役、缓刑并处罚金10人(8.7%),有期徒刑、缓刑并处罚金8人(7.0%),有期徒刑并处罚金97人(84.3%),详情见表 1。
表 1 58起非法组织卖血犯罪案件涉及罪犯判决结果[n(%)]指标 拘役、缓刑、处罚金 有期徒刑、缓刑、处罚金 有期徒刑、处罚金 合计 性别 男性 8(8.1) 4(4.0) 87(87.9) 99(86.1) 女性 2(12.5) 4(25.0) 10(62.5) 16(13.9) 年龄(岁) <20 0(0) 1(16.7) 5(83.3) 6(5.2) 20~29 2(4.1) 3(6.1) 44(89.8) 49(42.6) 30~39 1(3.6) 2(7.1) 25(89.3) 28(24.3) 40~49 5(26.3) 0(0) 14(73.7) 19(16.5) 50~59 2(16.7) 2(16.7) 8(66.7) 12(10.4) ≥60 0(0) 0(0) 1(100) 1(0.9) 违法记录 有 0(0) 1(4.0) 24(96.0) 25(21.7) 无 10(11.1) 7(7.8) 73(81.1) 90(78.3) 2.3 犯罪时间分布
2013—2019年北京地区非法组织卖血犯罪案件频次总体呈波动下降趋势,其中2015年出现较大反弹,案件发生频次最高(34.5%, 20/58),2018年案件发生频次最低(0)。组织卖血人数变化趋势与案件频次变化趋势基本一致,2015年最高(62.1%,396/638),2018年最低(0),见图 1。
从案件发生所处的月份上看,1月发生的案件频次最高(32.8%,19/58),其次为6月(15.5%,9/58),而4、5月均无非法组织卖血犯罪案件发生。关于案件涉及的卖血人数,1月占比最高(61.6%,393/638),12月次之(13.6%,87/638),见图 2。
2.4 犯罪区域与地点
58起非法组织卖血罪案件发生区域涉及北京8个城区,其中海淀区占比最高(62.1%,36/58),其次为房山区(22.4%,13/58),余6区案件频次占比均较低。发生于房山区的案件涉及的组织卖血人数最多(50.2%, 320/638),其次为海淀区(20.2%, 129/638),见图 3。
从犯罪地点上看,发生于医院的案件占比55.2%(32/58),组织卖血人数占比61.2%(390/638);发生于血液中心(包括采血站)的案件占比44.8%(26/58),组织卖血人数占比38.8%(248/638),见图 4。
3. 讨论与建议
3.1 讨论
无偿献血是传递爱心的公益事业,同时也是满足医疗服务需求,完善血液供应保障机制的重要组成部分,事关人民福祉和社会稳定,必须保障人民群众用血安全,维持采供血机制完善。非法组织卖血的行为干扰了血液供应机制的正常运行,社会危害极大,应严厉杜绝。本研究对2013—2019年北京地区58起非法组织卖血犯罪的特征进行了总结,探究其规律和特征,以实现精准预防。
首先从案件的年度分布上看,2013—2019年案件频次和涉及的卖血人数整体均呈下降趋势,间接反映出在各级党委、政府和相关部门的组织领导和有力推动下,北京血液管理体系和血站采供血机制逐渐完善,取得了显著成绩。积极推进无偿献血事业的进程,必须在坚持中发展。为净化供血环境,保障临床用血安全,2015年1月30日北京市公安局曾联合多部门对位于房山区某第一医院的非法组织卖血活动进行专项集中整治,打掉犯罪团伙11个,形成裁判文书11份,可能是2015年案件频次出现较大波动的原因。
对案件发生所处的月份进行分析,发现1、6月为案件高发期,而4、5月均无相关案件发生。临床用血来源主要依靠无偿献血,学生与进城务工人员等流动性人员是无偿献血的主体人群之一。受寒暑假期间流动性人口返乡以及酷热、严寒对其出行的影响,可能导致寒暑期间血液采集量大为减少。北京地区临床用血量较多,不可避免地发生季节性“血荒”[4],为非法组织卖血人员提供了可乘之机。1月份临近春节,部分经济拮据的人可能为增加经济收入,而参与非法卖血。
关于案件发生的区域与地点,海淀区与房山区为非法组织卖血案件高发区,发生地点主要为医院,其次为血液中心。医院为主要用血单位,故非法人员瞄准医院而开展非法卖血行为。海淀区域分布广,医院和血液中心多,以致非法组织卖血案件高发。房山区为城乡结合处,外来人员多,卫生防护意识相对差,可能为非法组织卖血人员实施犯罪提供了机会。
3.2 建议
首先,司法机关应坚决打击非法组织卖血犯罪案件,尤其集团化犯罪团伙,组织卖血人员众多、影响巨大的案件予以严厉刑罚,以形成强大威慑力,实现刑罚特殊预防和一般预防的效果。本研究58起案件共涉及115名罪犯,其中判有期徒刑并罚金97名,对于减少此类案件的发生可能具有积极作用。
其次,公安机关建立非法组织卖血资料数据库,特别是案件高发的海淀区与房山区,可利用大数据实施精准打击,实现有效预防。对于血液中心、医院等高发场所,保卫部门与当地派出所建立联动机制,利用人脸识别系统实现动态监测,营造持续高压态势,发现一起,查处一起。
再次,加强血液储备和区域间血液调动,确保血液供应及时、充足,保障公民临床急救用血的需求。
最后,加强无偿献血、血液安全健康宣教,增强人民群众的法律意识。可适当建立无偿献血激励机制,积极动员广大群众至正规场所进行无偿献血,彻底铲除犯罪的土壤。
4. 小结
血液是宝贵的医疗资源,无偿献血是一种无私奉献、救死扶伤的崇高行为,保障用血安全意义重大。受利益驱动,一些不法人员进行非法组织卖血,其行为对正常的血液安全管理体系和公共卫生秩序造成了严重干扰。本研究通过对北京地区非法组织卖血案件的特征进行了总结,为今后对此类案件的预防提供了借鉴。
作者贡献:张函负责研究设计、论文撰写;马万欣、刘宏新、孟凡锐、张丹萍、刘春宇负责多中心数据收集;高媛主要承担数据分析;邢颖、刘璐负责指导论文修订。利益冲突:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突 -
表 1 3组人口学信息与心理健康水平比较
Table 1 Demographic information and mental health comparisons between 3 groups
指标 社工组(n=372) 医护组(n=262) 居民组(n=258) P值 性别[n(%)] <0.001 男 102(27.4)* 52(19.8)* 102(39.5) 女 270(72.6) 210(80.2) 156(60.5) 年龄[M(P25, P75),岁] 38.5(33, 43)* 37.5(31, 44.3)* 39(33, 46) 0.032 焦虑[n(%)] 57(15.3)#* 20(7.6) 18(7.0) <0.001 抑郁[n(%)] 82(22.0)#* 27(10.3) 22(8.5) <0.001 睡眠障碍[n(%)] 179(48.1)#* 80(30.5) 76(29.5) <0.001 与医护组比较,# P<0.05;与居民组比较,* P<0.05 表 2 社工组有/无焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍人群临床资料比较
Table 2 Clinical data comparisons on among social worker groups with and without anxiety, depression and sleep disorders
指标 焦虑(n=57) 无焦虑(n=315) P值 抑郁(n=82) 无抑郁(n=290) P值 睡眠障碍(n=179) 无睡眠障碍(n=193) P值 性别[n(%)] 0.158 0.481 0.362 男 20(35.1) 82(26.0) 25(30.5) 77(26.0) 53(29.6) 49(25.4) 女 37(64.9) 233(74.0) 57(69.5) 213(73.4) 126(70.4) 144(74.6) 年龄[M(P25, P75),岁] 38(34,43) 39(33,44) 0.746 37(32.8, 42.5) 39(34,44) 0.037 38(33,43) 39(34,43.5) 0.633 独居[n(%)] 2(3.5) 10(3.2) 0.895 3(3.7) 9(3.1) 0.802 7(3.9) 5(2.6) 0.472 文化程度[n(%)] 0.175 0.231 0.897 高中及以下 1(1.8) 22(7.0) 2(2.4) 21(7.2) 10(5.6) 13(6.7) 大专及本科 56(98.2) 287(91.1) 78(95.1) 265(91.4) 166(92.7) 177(91.7) 研究生及以上 0(0) 6(1.9) 2(2.4) 4(1.4) 3(1.7) 3(1.6) 工作年限[n(%)] 0.656 0.831 0.291 <5年 24(42.1) 136(43.2) 37(45.1) 123(42.4) 72(40.2) 88(45.6) 5~10年 23(40.4) 110(34.9) 27(32.9) 106(36.6) 63(35.2) 70(36.3) >10年 10(17.5) 69(21.9) 18(22.0) 61(21.0) 44(24.6) 35(18.1) CPSS评分[M(P25, P75),分] 33(29,37) 25(20,28) <0.001 32(29,37) 24(20,28) <0.001 29(27,32) 22(17.5,26) <0.001 CD-RISC评分[M(P25, P75),分] 43(36,55) 62(50,74) <0.001 47(37,56) 64(50,75) <0.001 50(42,62) 67(56,81) <0.001 SSRS评分[M(P25, P75),分] 34(30,40) 42(36,47) <0.001 34(29,40) 42(37,47) <0.001 37(31,42) 45(39,49) <0.001 工作负担[n(%)] 0.014 0.017 <0.001 轻度 0(0) 10(3.2) 1(1.2) 9(3.1) 3(1.7) 7(3.6) 中度 19(33.3) 158(50.2) 29(35.4) 148(51.0) 67(37.4) 110(57.0) 重度 38(66.7) 147(46.7) 52(63.4) 133(45.9) 109(60.9) 76(39.4) 经济负担[n(%)] <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 轻度 2(3.5) 84(26.7) 7(8.5) 79(27.2) 21(11.7) 65(33.7) 中度 20(35.1) 142(45.1) 28(34.1) 134(46.2) 79(44.1) 83(43.0) 重度 35(61.4) 89(28.3) 47(57.3) 77(26.6) 79(44.1) 45(23.3) 家庭负担[n(%)] <0.001 0.001 0.001 轻度 13(22.8) 163(51.7) 26(31.7) 150(51.7) 67(37.4) 109(56.5) 中度 30(52.6) 118(37.5) 38(46.3) 110(37.9) 81(45.3) 67(34.7) 重度 14(24.6) 34(10.8) 18(22.0) 30(10.3) 31(17.3) 17(8.8) 共患慢性疾病[n(%)] 30(52.6) 104(33.0) 0.005 42(51.2) 92(31.7) 0.001 82(45.8) 52(26.9) <0.001 有精神疾病家族史[n(%)] 11(19.3) 16(5.1) <0.001 14(17.1) 13(4.5) <0.001 23(12.8) 4(2.1) <0.001 CPSS(Chinese perceived stress scale):中文版压力知觉量表;CD-RISC(Connor-Davidson resilience scale):心理弹性量表;SSRS(social support rating scale):社会支持评定量表 表 3 社工焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍影响因素的多因素Logistic回归分析结果
Table 3 Influencing factors in multifactor Logistic regression analysis on anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders among social workers
指标 β SE Wald χ2 OR(95% CI) P值 焦虑 常量 -11.31 1.38 67.28 - <0.001 家庭负担 0.59 0.26 5.30 1.80(1.09~2.96) 0.021 CPSS评分 0.29 0.04 50.24 1.34(1.24~1.45) <0.001 抑郁 常量 -7.87 1.53 26.37 - <0.001 CPSS评分 0.26 0.04 44.47 1.29(1.20~1.39) <0.001 SSRS评分 -0.04 0.02 4.81 0.96(0.92~1.00) 0.028 睡眠障碍 常量 -4.44 1.26 12.51 - <0.001 有精神疾病家族史 1.59 0.69 5.34 4.91(1.27~18.94) 0.021 CPSS评分 0.18 0.03 41.50 1.20(1.14~1.27) <0.001 SSRS评分 -0.06 0.02 10.31 0.95(0.91~0.98) 0.001 -:不适用;CPSS、SSRS:同表 2 -
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